🔒 Network Security
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Zero Trust Networking: Beyond the Perimeter
Understand the zero trust security model where no user or device is trusted by default, even inside the network perimeter.
The Problem with Perimeter Security
Traditional network security uses a "castle and moat" model: everything inside the firewall is trusted, everything outside is not. This approach fails because:- Lateral movement — Once an attacker breaches the perimeter, they move freely inside.
- Remote work — Employees access resources from untrusted networks.
- Cloud services — Applications span multiple providers with no clear perimeter.
- Insider threats — Not all internal users should be trusted equally.
Zero Trust Principles
The zero trust model, formalized by NIST SP 800-207, is built on three core principles:- Never trust, always verify — Every request is authenticated and authorized regardless of origin.
- Least privilege access — Users and devices get the minimum permissions needed.
- Assume breach — Design systems as if an attacker is already inside.
Key Components
| Component | Purpose | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Identity Provider | Authenticate users | Okta, Azure AD, Google Workspace |
| Device Trust | Verify device health | MDM enrollment, certificate checks |
| Microsegmentation | Isolate workloads | Service mesh, network policies |
| Continuous Monitoring | Detect anomalies | SIEM, behavioral analytics |
| Policy Engine | Make access decisions | OPA, cloud IAM |
Implementation Approach
Zero trust is not a product — it is an architecture. Implement incrementally:Phase 1: Identity Foundation
- Enforce MFA for all users.
- Implement SSO across all applications.
- Deploy device certificates or MDM.
Phase 2: Network Segmentation
- Replace flat networks with microsegments.
- Apply firewall rules between segments (east-west traffic).
- Use service mesh for application-to-application authentication.
Phase 3: Continuous Verification
- Monitor user behavior for anomalies.
- Re-authenticate on context changes (new location, device, time).
- Automate response to detected threats.
Zero Trust for Small Teams
You do not need enterprise tools to adopt zero trust principles:- Use Tailscale or WireGuard for identity-based network access.
- Enable MFA everywhere — SSH keys + TOTP, cloud accounts, VPN.
- Apply least privilege — no shared admin accounts, role-based access.
- Segment your network — VLANs for IoT devices, guest Wi-Fi isolation.