JSON Web Token (JWT)
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M. Jones, J. Bradley, N. Sakimura · 2015-05
Abstract
JSON Web Token (JWT) is a compact, URL-safe means of representing claims to be transferred between two parties. The claims in a JWT are encoded as a JSON object that is used as the payload of a JSON Web Signature (JWS) structure or as the plaintext of a JSON Web Encryption (JWE) structure, enabling the claims to be digitally signed or integrity protected with a Message Authentication Code (MAC) and/or encrypted.
Why This RFC Matters
RFC 7519 defined JWT, which became the de facto standard for stateless authentication tokens in web APIs and microservice architectures. A JWT encodes identity claims (subject, issuer, expiration, roles) in a base64url-encoded JSON payload signed by the server, allowing any service that trusts the signing key or certificate to validate the token without a database lookup. This stateless property makes JWTs ideal for distributed systems and is the basis of OpenID Connect (OIDC) ID tokens, OAuth 2.0 access tokens issued by many providers, and service-to-service authentication in cloud-native deployments.