Internet Infrastructure
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How the internet is built and operates. Submarine cables, IXPs, root DNS servers, data centers, CDNs, and the organizations that govern the internet.
How Submarine Cables Connect the Internet
Explore the physical undersea fiber optic cables that carry over 95% of the world's international internet traffic.
12 dk okumaInternet Exchange Points (IXPs) Explained
Understand how IXPs allow ISPs and networks to exchange traffic locally, reducing latency and cost for everyone.
11 dk okumaRoot DNS Servers: The Internet's Phone Book Foundation
Discover how the 13 root DNS server clusters anchor the global domain name system and keep billions of lookups working every day.
12 dk okumaHow Data Centers Power the Internet
Learn how modern data centers are built, cooled, and powered to keep websites and cloud services running 24/7.
13 dk okumaCDN Architecture: Delivering Content at Scale
Explore how Content Delivery Networks use edge servers and caching hierarchies to serve web content faster from locations close to users.
12 dk okumaInternet Governance: ICANN, IANA, RIRs, and IETF
Understand the organizations that manage IP addresses, domain names, technical standards, and the policy decisions that shape the global internet.
13 dk okumaHow Internet Traffic Flows: From Click to Server
Follow a packet's complete journey from your browser through DNS resolution, TCP handshakes, BGP routing, and back to your screen.
14 dk okumaTier 1 Networks and Internet Transit
Learn how the internet's ISP hierarchy works, what makes a Tier 1 network special, and how transit agreements keep global traffic flowing.
12 dk okumaIP Address Allocation: From IANA to Your ISP
How IPv4 and IPv6 addresses are distributed from the global registry through regional authorities, ISPs, and finally to your device.
12 dk okumaAnycast Networking: One IP, Many Servers
How anycast routing allows a single IP address to be served by multiple geographically distributed servers, powering DNS and CDNs worldwide.
11 dk okumaInternet Backbone Architecture
The physical and logical structure of the internet's core: how Tier 1 networks, submarine cables, optical fiber, and peering agreements keep data flowing globally.
13 dk okumaHow Cloud Regions and Availability Zones Work
The design principles behind AWS, GCP, and Azure geographic regions and availability zones, and how they achieve high availability through physical and logical isolation.
12 dk okumaInternet Measurement: RIPE Atlas, Looking Glasses, and BGP Collectors
How researchers and engineers measure the internet using distributed probe networks, BGP route collectors, looking glass servers, and traceroute infrastructure.
11 dk okumaLast-Mile Connectivity: DSL, Cable, Fiber, and Wireless
How internet service reaches homes and businesses through DSL, cable, fiber-to-the-home, 5G fixed wireless, and satellite technologies, and the trade-offs between them.
13 dk okumaThe Future of Internet Infrastructure
Emerging technologies reshaping internet infrastructure: LEO satellite constellations, quantum networking, 400G/800G optics, AI-driven traffic engineering, and edge computing.
13 dk okuma